In vertebrates, interaural time differences are known to be calculated in the superior olivary nucleus of the brainstem. The sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane ( ear drum), causing the three bones of the middle ear to vibrate, which then sends the energy through the oval window and into the cochlea where it is changed into a chemical signal by hair cells in the organ of Corti, which synapse onto spiral ganglion fibers that travel through the cochlear nerve into the brain. Through the mechanisms of compression and rarefaction, sound waves travel through the air, bounce off the pinna and concha of the exterior ear, and enter the ear canal. Sound is the perceptual result of mechanical vibrations traveling through a medium such as air or water.
Animals with the ability to localize sound have a clear evolutionary advantage.
These cues are also used by other animals, such as birds and reptiles, but there may be differences in usage, and there are also localization cues which are absent in the human auditory system, such as the effects of ear movements. The auditory system uses several cues for sound source localization, including time difference and level difference (or intensity difference) between the ears, and spectral information. The sound localization mechanisms of the mammalian auditory system have been extensively studied.
Sound localization is a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points.
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